Lithium-ion batteries are widely used across multiple industries due to their efficiency, portability and sustainability. They are integral to modern workplaces, powering everything from consumer electronics to industrial equipment. However, despite their advantages, they pose significant safety risks, primarily due to thermal runaway, fire hazards and toxic gas emissions.
Lithium-ion batteries can be found in:
- Consumer electronics, such as smartphones, laptops, tablets and cameras.
- Electric vehicles (EVs) – cars, bikes and scooters.
- Renewable energy systems – solar battery storage units.
- Industrial equipment – including power tools, drones and robotics.
- Medical devices such as portable monitors and ventilators.
- Household appliances, including cordless vacuums and electric toothbrushes.
Despite their potential hazards, lithium-ion batteries offer numerous benefits:
- Low maintenance: No need for constant water refilling.
- Long lifespan: Lasts for at least eight years with proper care.
- Safety: No immediate health hazards under normal operation.
- Quick charging: Technological advances allow for rapid charging.
- Superior depth of discharge: Efficient energy use.
- Eco-friendly: Reduced environmental impact compared to traditional batteries.
- Operates in extreme temperatures: Functions in diverse environments.
- Unlimited cycle life: Enhances longevity and cost-effectiveness.
There has been a lot of negative press about the dangers of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-ion battery fires are primarily caused by thermal runaway, an uncontrollable rise in temperature. Contributing factors include:
- Overcharging – excessive voltage can overheat the battery.
- Physical damage – punctures or impacts may cause internal short circuits.
- Exposure to high temperatures – proximity to heat sources accelerates degradation.
- Electrolyte breakdown – leads to gas emissions, increasing fire risks.
- Inadequate battery management systems (BMS) – f ailure to regulate charging/discharging.
- Ageing batteries – degraded cells are more prone to failure.
Thermal runaway is a self-sustaining chain reaction leading to fires and explosions. It occurs when the battery temperature exceeds 60°C, triggering an internal reaction. Toxic and flammable gases are released, leading to swelling and rupturing. Once the gases ignite, a fire ensues, often difficult to extinguish.
Obligations and best practice
Under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (RRO), the Responsible Person (RP) must:
- Conduct fire risk assessments, including lithium-ion battery risks.
- Implement fire safety measures, such as proper storage and fire suppression systems.
- Ensure staff training on fire response and battery handling.
- Maintain fire safety equipment and comply with legal standards.
